Search results for " Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors"

showing 8 items of 8 documents

Switching to dual/monotherapy determines an increase in CD8+ in HIV-infected individuals: An observational cohort study

2018

Background The CD4/CD8 ratio has been associated with the risk of AIDS and non-AIDS events. We describe trends in immunological parameters in people who underwent a switch to monotherapy or dual therapy, compared to a control group remaining on triple antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods We included patients in Icona who started a three-drug combination ART regimen from an ART-naïve status and achieved a viral load ≤ 50 copies/mL; they were subsequently switched to another triple or to a mono or double regimen. Standard linear regression at fixed points in time (12-24 months after the switch) and linear mixed model analysis with random intercepts and slopes were used to compare CD4 and CD8…

0301 basic medicineMaleCD4-CD8 Ratiolcsh:MedicineHIV InfectionsCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCD4/CD8 ratio; CD8; Chronic inflammation; Dual therapy; Monotherapy; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4-CD8 Ratio; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cohort Studies; Emtricitabine; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Tenofovir; Medicine (all)Cohort Studies0302 clinical medicineEmtricitabineHIV Infection030212 general & internal medicineMedicine (all)General MedicineChronic inflammationCD4/CD8 ratio; CD8; Chronic inflammation; Dual therapy; Monotherapy; Medicine (all)Middle AgedSettore MED/07 - Microbiologia e Microbiologia ClinicaReverse Transcriptase InhibitorReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsFemalecd4/cd8 ratio; cd8; chronic inflammation; dual therapy; monotherapy; medicine (all)Research Articlemedicine.drugCohort studyHumanAdultmedicine.medical_specialtyDual therapyCD4/CD8 ratio; CD8; Chronic inflammation; Dual therapy; Monotherapy; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4-CD8 Ratio; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cohort Studies; Emtricitabine; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; TenofovirAnti-HIV Agents030106 microbiologyCD4-CD8 RatioEmtricitabineSettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVENO03 medical and health sciencesCD4/CD8 ratioInternal medicineLinear regressionmedicineHumansDual therapyTenofovirbusiness.industrylcsh:RAnti-HIV AgentCD8CD8-Positive T-LymphocyteMonotherapyConfidence intervalRegimenCD4/CD8 ratio; CD8; Chronic inflammation; Dual therapy; MonotherapyCD8; CD4/CD8 ratio; Chronic inflammation; Monotherapy; Dual therapyCohort StudiebusinessCD8
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Incidence and risk factors for liver enzyme elevation among naive HIV-1-infected patients receiving ART in the ICONA cohort

2019

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the incidence and risk factors for liver enzyme elevations (LEE) in patients initiating first-line ART in the ICONA prospective observational cohort, between June 2009 and December 2017.Patients and methodsIn total, 6575 ART-naive patients were selected, initiating two NRTIs with the third drug being a boosted PI (n=2436; 37.0%), an NNRTI (n=2384; 36.3%) or an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) (n=1755; 26.7%). HBV surface antigen and HCV RNA were detected in 3.9% and 5.8% of the study population. Inverse probability weighted Cox regression analysis was used to calculate the HRs, according to first-line regimen, for LEE, defined as ALT or AST increases…

0301 basic medicineMaleIntegrase inhibitorHepatitis B Surface AntigenHIV Infections0302 clinical medicineRisk Factorshivh epatitis c rna surface antigens follow-up homosexuality integrase inhibitors hepatitis b virus hepatitis b virus measurement hiv infections hepatotoxicity hepatitis c virus coinfection nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors cox proportional hazards models baseline value liver enzyme raltegravirPharmacology (medical)HIV Infection030212 general & internal medicineProspective StudiesProspective cohort studyCoinfectionIncidence (epidemiology)Liver DiseaseIncidenceLiver Diseasesvirus diseasesHepatitis CMiddle AgedHepatitis CReverse Transcriptase InhibitorInfectious DiseasesCohortCoinfectionPopulation studyRegression AnalysisReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsFemalemedicine.drugHumanMicrobiology (medical)Adultmedicine.medical_specialtyAnti-HIV AgentsRegression AnalysiNO03 medical and health sciencesInternal medicinemedicineHumansHIV Integrase InhibitorsHIV Protease InhibitorPharmacologyHepatitis B Surface Antigensbusiness.industryAnti-HIV AgentHIV ARTHIV Protease Inhibitorsmedicine.diseaseRaltegravir030112 virologyHIV Integrase InhibitorProspective StudieHIV-1businessAdult Anti-HIV Agents Coinfection Female Hepatitis B Surface Antigens Hepatitis C HIV Infections HIV Integrase Inhibitors HIV Protease Inhibitors HIV-1 Humans Incidence Liver Diseases Male Middle Aged Prospective Studies Regression Analysis Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Risk Factors
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Long-term CD4+ T-cell count evolution after switching from regimens including HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) plus protease in…

2011

Abstract Background Data regarding CD4+ recovery after switching from protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimens to regimens not containing PI are scarce. Methods Subjects with virological success on first-PI-regimens who switched to NNRTI therapy (NNRTI group) or to nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NRTI)-only (NRTI group) were studied. The effect of the switch on the ongoing CD4+ trend was assessed by two-phase linear regression (TPLR), allowing us to evaluate whether a change in the CD4+ trend (hinge) occurred and the time of its occurrence. Furthermore, we described the evolution of the frequencies in CD4-count classes across four relevant time-points (baseline, before and immediately after…

AdultCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesMalemedicine.medical_treatmentProtease InhibitorHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)CD4+ T-cellHIV InfectionsBiologymedicine.disease_causeSettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVENucleoside Reverse Transcriptase InhibitorTimelcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseasesZidovudineRetrospective Studieimmune system diseasesAntiretroviral Therapy Highly ActivemedicineHumansProtease inhibitor (pharmacology)HIV InfectionProtease Inhibitorslcsh:RC109-216Retrospective StudiesHIV; CD4+ T-cellProteaseCd4 t cellDrug SubstitutionBackground dataHIVvirus diseasesMiddle AgedVirologyHIV; AIDS; CD4; NRTIReverse Transcriptase InhibitorCD4 Lymphocyte CountInfectious DiseasesCD4-Positive T-LymphocyteReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsRitonavirFemaleAdult; Antiretroviral Therapy Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Protease Inhibitors; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Time; Drug Substitution; Infectious Diseasesmedicine.drugHumanResearch Article
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Variability of reverse transcriptase and overlapping S gene in hepatitis B virus isolates from untreated and lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B…

2009

Background The high degree of diversity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) quasispecies in chronically infected individuals raises the possibility that HBV genetic variants favouring resistance to nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NAs) might pre-exist to treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic variability of the entire HBV reverse transcriptase (RT) domain and of the overlapping S gene in a large series of untreated hepatitis B surface antigen carriers and in lamivudine (3TC)-resistant patients. Methods Sequencing analysis of the entire HBV RT domain of isolates from 100 untreated (treatment- naive group) and 59 3TC-resistant (3TC-resistant group) consecutive patients wit…

AdultMaleSettore MED/07 - Microbiologia E Microbiologia ClinicaHepatitis B virusAdult; Aged; Drug Resistance; Viral; Female; Genetic Variation; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B; Chronic; Humans; Lamivudine; Male; Middle Aged; Mutation; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Sequence Analysis; DNA; Treatment OutcomeDrug ResistanceViral quasispeciesmedicine.disease_causeVirusHepatitis B ChronicOrthohepadnavirusDrug Resistance ViralmedicineHumansPharmacology (medical)ViralChronicAgedPharmacologyHepatitis B virusSettore MED/12 - GastroenterologiaHepatitis B Surface AntigensbiologyReverse-transcriptase inhibitorLamivudineGenetic VariationRNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseSequence Analysis DNADNAMiddle Agedbiology.organism_classificationHepatitis BVirologyReverse transcriptaseInfectious DiseasesTreatment OutcomeHepadnaviridaeLamivudineMutationReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsHBV reverse transcriptase gene S lamivudine resistantFemaleSequence Analysismedicine.drug
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Impact of body weight on virological and immunological responses to efavirenz-containing regimens in HIV-infected, treatment-naive adults

2015

Objective: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing among HIV-infected patients. Whether standard antiretroviral drug dosage is adequate in heavy individuals remains unresolved. We assessed the virological and immunological responses to initial efavirenz (EFV)-containing regimens in heavy compared to normal-weight HIV-infected patients. Design: Observational European cohort collaboration study. Methods: Eligible patients were antiretroviral-naive with documented weight prior to EFV start and follow-up viral loads after treatment initiation. Cox regression analyses evaluated the association between weight and time to first undetectable viral load ( 50 copies/ml) after initial s…

CyclopropanesMaleEfavirenz; HIV; Immunological response; Virological response; Weight; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy Highly Active; Benzoxazines; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Regression Analysis; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load; Body WeightHIV InfectionsOverweight10234 Clinic for Infectious DiseasesCohort Studieschemistry.chemical_compoundAntiretroviral Therapy Highly ActiveImmunology and AllergyHIV InfectionImmunological responsevirus diseasesVirological responseMiddle AgedViral LoadReverse Transcriptase InhibitorTreatment OutcomeInfectious DiseasesAlkynesCohort2723 Immunology and AllergyRegression AnalysisReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsFemalemedicine.symptomViral loadCohort studyHumanBenzoxazineAdultmedicine.medical_specialtyEfavirenzImmunologyAntiretroviral Therapy610 Medicine & healthRegression AnalysiPharmacokineticsInternal medicinemedicineHumansHighly ActiveObesity2403 Immunologybusiness.industryProportional hazards modelBody WeightHIV2725 Infectious DiseasesEfavirenz; HIV; Immunological response; Virological response; Weight; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy Highly Active; Benzoxazines; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Regression Analysis; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load; Body Weight; Immunology and Allergy; Immunology; Infectious Diseasesmedicine.diseaseWeightObesityBenzoxazinesCD4 Lymphocyte Countlnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 4]chemistryImmunologyCohort StudieEfavirenzbusiness
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No pol mutation is associated independently with the lack of immune recovery in patients infected with HIV and failing antiretroviral therapy

2011

An investigation was undertaken to determine whether specific pol mutations hinder long-term immune recovery regardless of virological response. In total, 826 patients with >50 HIV RNA copies/ml, who underwent genotypic resistance testing between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2003 after >3 years of antiretroviral treatment, and were followed up for >3 years after genotypic resistance testing, were analyzed retrospectively. The outcome of the study was the lack of immune recovery after >3 years of follow-up, defined as a slope by linear regression 50 copies/ml divided by the number of HIV RNA measurements during follow-up. Logistic regression was used for univariable and multivariable analy…

MaleHIV InfectionsDrug resistanceLogistic regressionResistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorCD4+ T-lymphocyteRetrospective StudieImmunopathologyAntiretroviral Therapy Highly ActiveResistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorgeneticsResistance to protease inhibitorHIV Infectionresistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorsViralSidaresistance to protease inhibitorsbiologyReverse-transcriptase inhibitorViral LoadGenes poldrug therapy/immunology/virologyReverse Transcriptase InhibitorInfectious DiseasesTreatment Outcomeresistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorsReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsFemaleViral loadmedicine.drugHumanpolAnti-HIV AgentsAntiretroviral TherapyViremiaInfectious DiseaseSettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVEpharmacology/therapeutic useAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)VirologyDrug Resistance ViralmedicineHumansHighly ActiveRetrospective StudiesAnti-HIV Agents; pharmacology/therapeutic use Antiretroviral Therapy; Highly Active CD4 Lymphocyte Count Drug Resistance; Viral; genetics Female Genes; pol HIV Infections; drug therapy/immunology/virology HIV-1; drug effects/enzymology/genetics Humans Male Mutation Retrospective Studies Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; therapeutic use Treatment Outcome Viral Loaddrug resistanceAnti-HIV Agentbiology.organism_classificationmedicine.diseaseVirologyCD4 Lymphocyte CountGenesdrug effects/enzymology/geneticstherapeutic useMutationCD4+ T-lymphocytesHIV-1
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Transmission of HIV Drug Resistance and the Predicted Effect on Current First-line Regimens in Europe

2016

Transmitted human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance in Europe is stable at around 8%. The impact of baseline mutation patterns on susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs should be addressed using clinical guidelines. The impact on baseline susceptibility is largest for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

MaleHuman immunodeficiency virus 1EtravirineRNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitordarunavirHIV InfectionsSettore MED/42 - Igiene Generale E Applicata:Disciplines and Occupations::Health Occupations::Medicine::Public Health [Medical Subject Headings]:Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::Humans [Medical Subject Headings]Salud públicageneticsInhibidores de proteasas:Analytical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Data Collection::Vital Statistics::Morbidity::Prevalence [Medical Subject Headings]atazanavirmedia_commontransmission:Geographicals::Geographic Locations::Europe [Medical Subject Headings]3. Good healthmicrobial sensitivity testpriority journalEurope ; HIV-1 ; antiretroviral therapy ; drug resistance ; transmissionHIV/AIDSlamivudineReverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacologyanti human immunodeficiency virus agentDrugMicrobiology (medical)medicine.medical_specialtyantiviral susceptibility:Phenomena and Processes::Genetic Phenomena::Genetic Variation::Mutation [Medical Subject Headings]media_common.quotation_subjectantiretroviral therapy030106 microbiologyHIV Infections/drug therapy:Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Therapeutic Uses::Anti-Infective Agents::Antiviral Agents::Anti-Retroviral Agents::Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors [Medical Subject Headings]Microbial Sensitivity TestsRILPIVIRINEArticleEFAVIRENZ03 medical and health sciencestransmitted drug resistanceSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingHumansTransmissionhuman:Phenomena and Processes::Physiological Phenomena::Pharmacological Phenomena::Drug Resistance [Medical Subject Headings]REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORSRilpivirinaINTEGRASEMUTATIONSabacavirmajor clinical studyVirologyInfecciones por VIHRegimenAntiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance; Europe; HIV-1; Transmission; Medicine (all); Microbiology (medical); Infectious DiseaseschemistryDrug resistance:Chemicals and Drugs::Heterocyclic Compounds::Heterocyclic Compounds 1-Ring::Oxazines::Benzoxazines [Medical Subject Headings]MutationHIV-10301 basic medicinenevirapineDrug resistanceCommunicable diseases:Analytical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Statistics as Topic::Confidence Intervals [Medical Subject Headings]chemistry.chemical_compoundantiviral therapyINFECTIONMedicine and Health SciencesPrevalence:Analytical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Data Collection::Surveys and Questionnaires [Medical Subject Headings]ViralNon-U.S. Gov'tReverse-transcriptase inhibitorantiretrovirus agentResearch Support Non-U.S. Gov'tMedicine (all)Human immunodeficiency virus infected patientMiddle AgedvirologyPREVALENCEAntiretroviral therapyEncuestas y CuestionariosANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENTEuropeInfectious DiseasesHIV-1/drug effectsHIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacologyRilpivirineReverse Transcriptase Inhibitors:Diseases::Immune System Diseases::Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes::HIV Infections [Medical Subject Headings]FemaleHIV drug resistancemedicine.drugAdultHuman immunodeficiency virus proteinase inhibitor:Chemicals and Drugs::Organic Chemicals::Nitriles::Rilpivirine [Medical Subject Headings]EfavirenzAnti-HIV AgentsResearch SupportResistencia a medicamentosSettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVEantiviral resistanceInternal medicineAnti-HIV Agents/pharmacologyDrug Resistance ViralJournal Articlemedicine:Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action::Enzyme Inhibitors::Protease Inhibitors [Medical Subject Headings]abacavir plus lamivudineEuropa (Continente)Antiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance; Europe; HIV-1; Transmission; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Drug Resistance Viral; Europe; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Mutation; Prevalence; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Microbiology (medical); Infectious DiseasesemtricitabinenonhumanIntervalos de confianzadrug resistanceMutaciónAntiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance; Europe; HIV-1; Transmissionbusiness.industryHIVpredictionInhibidores de la transcriptasa inversaHIV Protease InhibitorsHuman immunodeficiency virus 1 infectiontenofovirINDIVIDUALSDrug Resistance Viral/geneticsBenzoxazinasETRAVIRINEdrug effects3121 General medicine internal medicine and other clinical medicinePrevalenciabusiness
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Declining Prevalence of HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Antiretroviral Treatment-exposed Individuals in Western Europe

2013

HIV-1 drug resistance represents a major obstacle to infection and disease control. This retrospective study analyzes trends and determinants of resistance in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-exposed individuals across 7 countries in Europe. Of 20 323 cases, 80% carried at least one resistance mutation: these declined from 81% in 1997 to 71% in 2008. Predicted extensive 3-class resistance was rare (3.2% considering the cumulative genotype) and peaked at 4.5% in 2005, decreasing thereafter. The proportion of cases exhausting available drug options dropped from 32% in 2000 to 1% in 2008. Reduced risk of resistance over calendar years was confirmed by multivariable analysis. © 2013 The Author.

MaleMultivariate analysisDatabases FactualDrug ResistanceHIV InfectionsDrug resistance0302 clinical medicineRetrospective StudieRisk FactorsEpidemiologyGenotypepol Gene Products Human Immunodeficiency ViruOdds RatioPrevalenceImmunology and AllergyHIV Infection030212 general & internal medicinepol Gene ProductsViralMultivariate Analysimedia_common0303 health sciencesDrug Resistance Prevalence HIV-1Middle AgedResistance mutation3. Good healthReverse Transcriptase InhibitorEuropeInfectious DiseasesReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsepidemiologyFemaleMultipleHuman Immunodeficiency VirusHumanDrugAdultmedicine.medical_specialtyGenotypeEvolutionmedia_common.quotation_subjectSexual Behaviorantiretroviral therapyInfectious DiseaseBiologySettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVEEvolution Molecular03 medical and health sciencesDatabasesSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingDrug Resistance Multiple ViralmedicineHumansHIV Protease InhibitorFactualRetrospective Studies030306 microbiologyRisk FactorMolecularRetrospective cohort studyOdds ratioHIV Protease InhibitorsCD4 Lymphocyte Countantiretroviral therapy; drug resistance; epidemiology; genotyping; HIV-1; Adult; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Databases Factual; Europe; Evolution Molecular; Female; Genotype; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Mutation; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; pol Gene Products Human Immunodeficiency Virus; Drug Resistance Multiple Viral; Immunology and Allergy; Infectious Diseasesgenotypingpol Gene Products Human Immunodeficiency VirusImmunologyMultivariate AnalysisMutationHIV-1DemographyJournal of Infectious Diseases
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